NPM是随同NodeJS一起安装的包管理工具,能解决NodeJS代码部署上的很多问题,常见的使用场景有以下几种:
- 允许用户从NPM服务器下载别人编写的第三方包到本地使用
- 允许用户从NPM服务器下载并安装别人编写的命令行程序到本地使用
- 允许用户将自己编写的包或命令行程序上传到NPM服务器供别人使用
nodejs已经集成了npm,以通过输入 "npm -v" 来测试是否成功安装。命令如下,出现版本提示表示安装成功:
$ npm -v
6.4.1
npm 命令来升级,命令如下:
$ sudo npm install npm -g
Window 系统使用以下命令即可:
npm install npm -g
使用 npm 命令安装模块
npm 安装 Node.js 模块语法格式如下:
$ npm install <Module Name>
使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express:
$ npm install express
express 包就放在了工程目录下的 node_modules 目录中
只需要通过 require('express') 的方式就好,无需指定第三方包路径
var express = require('express');
全局安装与本地安装
npm 的包安装分为本地安装(local)、全局安装(global)两种,差别只是有没有-g而已,比如
npm install express # 本地安装
npm install express -g # 全局安装
如果出现以下错误:
npm err! Error: connect ECONNREFUSED 127.0.0.1:8087
解决办法为:
$ npm config set proxy null
本地安装
- 1. 将安装包放在 ./node_modules 下(运行 npm 命令时所在的目录)
- 如果没有 node_modules 目录,会在当前执行 npm 命令的目录下生成 node_modules 目录
- 2. 可以通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包
全局安装
- 1. 将安装包放在 /usr/local 下或者你 node 的安装目录
- 2. 可以直接在命令行里使用
如果你希望具备两者功能,则需要在两个地方安装它或使用 npm link
接下来我们使用全局方式安装 express
$ npm install express -g查看安装信息
查看所有全局安装的模块:
$ npm list -g某个模块的版本号,可以使用命令如下:
$ npm list grunt
package.json
package.json 位于模块的目录下,用于定义包的属性。
express 包的 package.json 文件,位于 node_modules/express/package.json 内容:
{
"_from": "express@^4.16.2",
"_id": "express@4.16.4",
"_inBundle": false,
"_integrity": "sha512-j12Uuyb4FMrd/qQAm6uCHAkPtO8FDTRJZBDd5D2KOL2eLaz1yUNdUB/NOIyq0iU4q4cFarsUCrnFDPBcnksuOg==",
"_location": "/express",
"_phantomChildren": {},
"_requested": {
"type": "range",
"registry": true,
"raw": "express@^4.16.2",
"name": "express",
"escapedName": "express",
"rawSpec": "^4.16.2",
"saveSpec": null,
"fetchSpec": "^4.16.2"
},
"_requiredBy": [
"/webpack-bundle-analyzer",
"/webpack-dev-server"
],
"_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.16.4.tgz",
"_shasum": "fddef61926109e24c515ea97fd2f1bdbf62df12e",
"_spec": "express@^4.16.2",
"_where": "C:\\Windows\\system32\\vue-demo\\node_modules\\webpack-bundle-analyzer",
"author": {
"name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
"email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
},
"bugs": {
"url": "https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues"
},
"bundleDependencies": false,
"contributors": [
{
"name": "Aaron Heckmann",
"email": "aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Ciaran Jessup",
"email": "ciaranj@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
"email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
},
{
"name": "Guillermo Rauch",
"email": "rauchg@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Jonathan Ong",
"email": "me@jongleberry.com"
},
{
"name": "Roman Shtylman",
"email": "shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com"
},
{
"name": "Young Jae Sim",
"email": "hanul@hanul.me"
}
],
"dependencies": {
"accepts": "~1.3.5",
"array-flatten": "1.1.1",
"body-parser": "1.18.3",
"content-disposition": "0.5.2",
"content-type": "~1.0.4",
"cookie": "0.3.1",
"cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
"debug": "2.6.9",
"depd": "~1.1.2",
"encodeurl": "~1.0.2",
"escape-html": "~1.0.3",
"etag": "~1.8.1",
"finalhandler": "1.1.1",
"fresh": "0.5.2",
"merge-descriptors": "1.0.1",
"methods": "~1.1.2",
"on-finished": "~2.3.0",
"parseurl": "~1.3.2",
"path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
"proxy-addr": "~2.0.4",
"qs": "6.5.2",
"range-parser": "~1.2.0",
"safe-buffer": "5.1.2",
"send": "0.16.2",
"serve-static": "1.13.2",
"setprototypeof": "1.1.0",
"statuses": "~1.4.0",
"type-is": "~1.6.16",
"utils-merge": "1.0.1",
"vary": "~1.1.2"
},
"deprecated": false,
"description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
"devDependencies": {
"after": "0.8.2",
"connect-redis": "3.4.0",
"cookie-parser": "~1.4.3",
"cookie-session": "1.3.2",
"ejs": "2.6.1",
"eslint": "2.13.1",
"express-session": "1.15.6",
"hbs": "4.0.1",
"istanbul": "0.4.5",
"marked": "0.5.1",
"method-override": "3.0.0",
"mocha": "5.2.0",
"morgan": "1.9.1",
"multiparty": "4.2.1",
"pbkdf2-password": "1.2.1",
"should": "13.2.3",
"supertest": "3.3.0",
"vhost": "~3.0.2"
},
"engines": {
"node": ">= 0.10.0"
},
"files": [
"LICENSE",
"History.md",
"Readme.md",
"index.js",
"lib/"
],
"homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
"keywords": [
"express",
"framework",
"sinatra",
"web",
"rest",
"restful",
"router",
"app",
"api"
],
"license": "MIT",
"name": "express",
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "git+https://github.com/expressjs/express.git"
},
"scripts": {
"lint": "eslint .",
"test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
"test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
"test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
"test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
},
"version": "4.16.4"
}
Package.json 属性说明
- name - 包名
- version - 包的版本号
- description - 包的描述
- homepage - 包的官网 url
- author - 包的作者姓名
- contributors - 包的其他贡献者姓名
- dependencies - 依赖包列表,如果依赖包没有安装,npm 会自动将依赖包安装在 node_module 目录下
- repository - 包代码存放的地方的类型,可以是 git 或 svn,git 可在 Github 上
- main - main 字段指定了程序的主入口文件,require('moduleName') 就会加载这个文件,这个字段的默认值是模块根目录下面的 index.js
- keywords - 关键字
卸载模块
使用以下命令来卸载 Node.js 模块
$ npm uninstall express
卸载后,你可以到 /node_modules/ 目录下查看包是否还存在,或者使用以下命令查看:
$ npm ls
更新模块
我们可以使用以下命令更新模块:
$ npm update express
搜索模块
使用以下来搜索模块:
$ npm search express创建模块
创建模块,package.json 文件是必不可少的 NPM 生成 package.json 文件,生成的文件包含了基本的结果
$ npm init
This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.
See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields
and exactly what they do.
Use `npm install <pkg>` afterwards to install a package and
save it as a dependency in the package.json file.
Press ^C at any time to quit.
package name: (desktop) geekes
version: (1.0.0)
description: node.js 测试模块(www.geekes.cn)
entry point: (index.js)
test command: make test
git repository: https://github.com/tengxu123456/geekes.git
keywords:
author:
license: (ISC)
About to write to C:\Users\zhang\Desktop\package.json:
{
"name": "geekes", # 模块名
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "node.js 测试模块(www.geekes.cn)", # 描述
"main": "index.js",
"directories": {
"lib": "lib"
},
"scripts": {
"test": "make test"
},
"repository": {
"type": "git",
"url": "git+https://github.com/tengxu123456/geekes.git"# Github 地址
About to write to ……/node_modules/package.json: # 生成地址
},
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"bugs": {
"url": "https://github.com/tengxu123456/geekes/issues"
},
"homepage": "https://github.com/tengxu123456/geekes#readme"
}Is this ok? (yes) yes输入 "yes" 后会生成 package.json 文件
npm 资源库中注册用户(使用邮箱注册):
$ npm tixuan
Username: yixuan
Password:
Email: (this IS public) yixuan@gmail.com
用以下命令来发布模块:
$ npm publish
淘宝 NPM 镜像
- 当前 registry.npm.taobao.org 是从 r.cnpmjs.org 进行全量同步的.
- 当前 npm.taobao.org 运行版本是: cnpmjs.org@
- 本系统运行在 Node.js.org 上.
- 开源镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors
- Node.js 镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/node
- alinode 镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/alinode
- phantomjs 镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/phantomjs
- ChromeDriver 镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver
- OperaDriver 镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/operadriver
- Selenium 镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/selenium
- Node.js 文档镜像: http://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/node/latest/docs/api/index.html
- NPM 镜像: https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/npm/
- electron 镜像: https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/electron/
- node-inspector 镜像: https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/node-inspector/
因为npm安装插件是从国外服务器下载,受网络影响大,可能出现异常,
来自官网:“这是一个完整 npmjs.org 镜像,你可以用此代替官方版本(只读)
同步频率目前为 10分钟 一次以保证尽量与官方服务同步。”
cnpm的c 是 copy的意思,即复制 npm 上面的库。
把npm 上面的库复制到 国内的服务器上,当需要用的时候,使用 cnpm 命令获取,就会快很多了
$ npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org
安装模块
安装所有模块. 当安装的时候发现安装的模块还没有同步过来, 淘宝 NPM 会自动在后台进行同步, 下次你再安装这个模块的时候, 就会直接从 淘宝 NPM 安装
$ cnpm install [name]
同步模块
直接通过 sync 命令马上同步一个模块, 只有 cnpm 命令行才有此功能:
$ cnpm sync connect当然, 你可以直接通过 web 方式来同步: /sync/connect
$ open https://npm.taobao.org/sync/connect其它命令
支持 npm 除了 publish 之外的所有命令, 如:
$ cnpm info connect