python线程池ThreadPoolExecutor与进程池ProcessPoolExecutor
python中ThreadPoolExecutor(线程池)与ProcessPoolExecutor(进程池)都是concurrent.futures模块下的，主线程(或进程)中可以获取某一个线程(进程)执行的状态或者某一个任务执行的状态及返回值。
通过submit返回的是一个future对象，它是一个未来可期的对象，通过它可以获悉线程的状态
ThreadPoolExecutor(线程池)
通过submit函数提交执行的函数到线程池中，done()判断线程执行的状态：
1 import time
2 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
3
4 def get_thread_time(times):
5 time.sleep(times)
6 return times
7
8 # 创建线程池 指定最大容纳数量为4
9 executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
10 # 通过submit提交执行的函数到线程池中
11 task1 = executor.submit(get_thread_time, (1))
12 task2 = executor.submit(get_thread_time, (2))
13 task3 = executor.submit(get_thread_time, (3))
14 task4 = executor.submit(get_thread_time, (4))
15 print("task1:{} ".format(task1.done()))
16 print("task2:{}".format(task2.done()))
17 print("task3:{} ".format(task3.done()))
18 print("task4:{}".format(task4.done()))
19 time.sleep(2.5)
20 print('after 2.5s {}'.format('-'*20))
21
22 done_map = {
23 "task1":task1.done(),
24 "task2":task2.done(),
25 "task3":task3.done(),
26 "task4":task4.done()
27 }
28 # 2.5秒之后，线程的执行状态
29 for task_name,done in done_map.items():
30 if done:
31 print("{}:completed".format(task_name))result：
task1:False
task2:False
task3:False
task4:False
after 2.5s --------------------
task1:completed
task2:completed初始状态4个task都是未完成状态，2.5秒后task1和task2执行完成，task3和task由于是sleep(3) sleep(4)所以仍然是未完成的sleep状态
通过wait()判断线程执行的状态：
wait(fs, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED)，wait接受3个参数，fs表示执行的task序列；timeout表示等待的最长时间，超过这个时间即使线程未执行完成也将返回；return_when表示wait返回结果的条件，默认为ALL_COMPLETED全部执行完成再返回：
1 import time
2 from concurrent.futures import (
3 ThreadPoolExecutor, wait
4 )
5
6
7 def get_thread_time(times):
8 time.sleep(times)
9 return times
10
11
12 start = time.time()
13 executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
14 task_list = [executor.submit(get_thread_time, times) for times in [1, 2, 3, 4]]
15 i = 1
16 for task in task_list:
17 print("task{}:{}".format(i, task))
18 i += 1
19 print(wait(task_list, timeout=2.5))wait在2.5秒后返回线程的状态，result：
task1:<Future at 0x7ff3c885f208 state=running> task2:<Future at 0x7ff3c885fb00 state=running> task3:<Future at 0x7ff3c764b2b0 state=running> task4:<Future at 0x7ff3c764b9b0 state=running> DoneAndNotDoneFutures(
done={<Future at 0x7ff3c885f208 state=finished returned int>, <Future at 0x7ff3c885fb00 state=finished returned int>},
not_done={<Future at 0x7ff3c764b2b0 state=running>, <Future at 0x7ff3c764b9b0 state=running>})
可以看到在timeout 2.5时，task1和task2执行完毕，task3和task4仍在执行中
通过map返回线程的执行结果：
1 import time
2 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
3
4
5 def get_thread_time(times):
6 time.sleep(times)
7 return times
8
9
10 start = time.time()
11 executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
12
13 i = 1
14 for result in executor.map(get_thread_time,[2,3,1,4]):
15 print("task{}:{}".format(i, result))
16 i += 1
map(fn, *iterables, timeout=None)，第一个参数fn是线程执行的函数；第二个参数接受一个可迭代对象；第三个参数timeout跟wait()的timeout一样，但由于map是返回线程执行的结果，如果timeout小于线程执行时间会抛异常TimeoutError。
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def get_thread_time(times):
time.sleep(times)
return times
start = time.time()
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
i = 1
for result in executor.map(get_thread_time,[2,3,1,4]):
print("task{}:{}".format(i, result))
i += 1map的返回是有序的，它会根据第二个参数的顺序返回执行的结果：
task1:2
task2:3
task3:1
task4:4
as_completed返回线程执行结果：
1 import time
2 from collections import OrderedDict
3 from concurrent.futures import (
4 ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
5 )
6
7
8 def get_thread_time(times):
9 time.sleep(times)
10 return times
11
12
13 start = time.time()
14 executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
15 task_list = [executor.submit(get_thread_time, times) for times in [2, 3, 1, 4]]
16 task_to_time = OrderedDict(zip(["task1", "task2", "task3", "task4"],[2, 3, 1, 4]))
17 task_map = OrderedDict(zip(task_list, ["task1", "task2", "task3", "task4"]))
18
19 for result in as_completed(task_list):
20 task_name = task_map.get(result)
21 print("{}:{}".format(task_name,task_to_time.get(task_name)))task1、task2、task3、task4的等待时间分别为2s、3s、1s、4s，通过as_completed返回执行完的线程结果，as_completed(fs, timeout=None)接受2个参数，第一个是执行的线程列表，第二个参数timeout与map的timeout一样，当timeout小于线程执行时间会抛异常TimeoutError。
task3:1
task1:2
task2:3
task4:4通过执行结果可以看出，as_completed返回的顺序是线程执行结束的顺序，最先执行结束的线程最早返回。
ProcessPoolExecutor
对于频繁的cpu操作，由于GIL锁的原因，多个线程只能用一个cpu，这时多进程的执行效率要比多线程高。
线程池操作斐波拉切：
1 import time
2 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
3
4
5 def fib(n):
6 if n < 3:
7 return 1
8 return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
9
10
11 start_time = time.time()
12 executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
13 task_list = [executor.submit(fib, n) for n in range(3, 35)]
14 thread_results = [task.result() for task in as_completed(task_list)]
15 print(thread_results)
16 print("ThreadPoolExecutor time is: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))result：
[8, 5, 3, 2, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 10946, 46368, 6765, 28657, 17711, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040, 1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887]
ThreadPoolExecutor time is: 4.998981237411499
进程池操作斐波拉切：
1 import time
2 from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
3
4
5 def fib(n):
6 if n < 3:
7 return 1
8 return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2)
9
10
11 start_time = time.time()
12 executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
13 task_list = [executor.submit(fib, n) for n in range(3, 35)]
14 process_results = [task.result() for task in as_completed(task_list)]
15 print(process_results)
16 print("ProcessPoolExecutor time is: {}".format(time.time() - start_time))result:
[2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 75025, 28657, 46368, 196418, 121393, 317811, 514229, 832040, 1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887]
ProcessPoolExecutor time is: 3.3585257530212402可以看出，对于频繁cpu操作进程是优于线程的，3.3s<4.9s
ProcessPoolExecutor在使用上和ThreadPoolExecutor大致是一样的，它们在futures中的方法也是相同的，但是对于map()方法ProcessPoolExecutor会多一个参数chunksize(ThreadPoolExecutor中这个参数没有任何作用)，chunksize将迭代对象切成块，将其作为分开的任务提交给pool，对于很大的iterables，设置较大chunksize可以提高性能。