Java 中的 Unicode 编码

1. .java 文件和 .class 文件的字符编码

java 源文件<small>(.java)</small>和编译后的 .class 文件的编码并不一样。

源文件 .java 可以采用多种编码格式,如

  • UTF-8<small>(unix linux 平台默认)</small>。或者
  • GBK<small>(windows 平台默认)</small>。

之所以有<small>(可以有)</small>多种编码格式,是因为源文件毕竟是给「」看的,不是给 jvm 看的,它用什么编码格式 jvm 根本就不关心。

当将源码用 javac 编译的时候,默认是 javac 按照系统默认的编码格式读取 java 源文件,然后以 utf-8 的格式输出到 .class 文件中。

换句话说,在默认情况下

  • unix 平台,javac 用 utf-8 格式读取 java 源文件 然后以 utf-8 格式写 .class;

  • 在默认情况下 windows 平台,javac 用 gbk 格式读取 java 源文件然后以 utf-8 格式写 .class 。

所以,中文字符乱码的根本原因在于,你<small>(有意或无意)</small>没有使用默认编码规则存储 .java 文件,而 javac 却又是按照默认规则去读 .java 文件,这就出现了乱码。

例如, 在 windows 平台下用 utf-8 格式保存 java 源文件, 那么你在执行 javac 命令编译源文件时,你需要「告诉」javac 命令,你要编译的源文件的编码格式。否则,会有乱码问题。

2. Java 中字符串的长度

在 Java 中一个字符串的长度并「不能」简单地、想当然的想象成是其中所有字符数的累加和!

以下内容来自 stackoverflow 中的总结和解释

  • A Java char takes always 16 bits.

  • A Unicode character, when encoded as UTF-16, takes “almost always” (not always) 16 bits: that’s because there are more than 64K unicode characters. Hence, a Java char is NOT a Unicode character (though “almost always” is).

  • “Almost always”, above, means the 64K first code points of Unicode, range 0x0000 to 0xFFF (BMP), which take 16 bits in the UTF-16 encoding.

  • A non-BMP (“rare”) Unicode character is represented as two Java chars (surrogate representation). This applies also to the literal representation as a string: For example, the character U+20000 is written as “\uD840\uDC00”.

  • Corolary: string.length() returns the number of java chars, not of Unicode chars. A string that has just one “rare” unicode character (eg U+20000) would return length() = 2 . Same consideration applies to any method that deals with char-sequences.

  • Java has little intelligence for dealing with non-BMP unicode characters as a whole. There are some utility methods that treat characters as code-points, represented as ints eg: Character.isLetter(int ch). Those are the real fully-Unicode methods.

String str1 = "\uD840\uDC00";
String str2 = "?";

System.out.println(str2.length());
System.out.println(Character.isLetter(str2.charAt(0)));

3. 中日韩文的 UniCode 码点

https://codepoints.net/planes

CJK 的意思是 Chinese,Japanese,Korea 的简写 ,实际上就是指中日韩三国文字<small>(象形文字)</small>的 Unicode 编码。

字符集Unicode 编码标识
部首扩展2E80 - 2EFFCJK Radicals Supplement
康熙部首2F00 - 2FDFKangxi Radicals
汉字结构2FF0 - 2FFFIdeographic Description Characters
汉语标点符号3000 - 303FCJK Symbols and Punctuation
日语注音3100-3120Bopomofo
注音扩展31A0-31BABopomofo Extended
汉字笔画31C0-31EFCJK Strokes
扩展 A3400 - 4DBFCJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
基本汉字4E00 - 9FFFCJK Unified Ideographs
兼容汉字F900- FAD9CJK Compatibility Ideographs
全角半角字母符号FF00 - FFEFHalfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
扩展 B20000-2A6DFCJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
扩展 C2A700-2B73FCJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
扩展 D2B740-2B81FCJK Unified Ideographs Extension D
兼容扩展2F800-2FA1FCJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement

4. Java 完美判断中文字符的方案

<small>方案/思路是 ok 的,细节可以再调整。</small>

// 根据 Unicode 编码完美的判断中文汉字和符号 
private static boolean isChinese(char c) { 
    Character.UnicodeBlock ub = Character.UnicodeBlock.of(c); 
    if (ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS 
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_COMPATIBILITY_IDEOGRAPHS 
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_A 
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_B 
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_SYMBOLS_AND_PUNCTUATION 
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.HALFWIDTH_AND_FULLWIDTH_FORMS 
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.GENERAL_PUNCTUATION) { 
        return true; 
    } 
    return false; 
} 

5. 三种空格

空格Unicode 码说明
不间断空格\u00A0主要用在 office 中,让一个单词在结尾处不会换行显示,快捷键 ctrl+shift+space
半角空格<small>(英文符号)</small>\u0020代码中常用的
全角空格<small>(中文符号)</small>\u3000中文文章中使用

汉字 Unicode 编码范围

中文字符集 Unicode 编码范围

Unicode - Unicode 字符百科

//替换中文

int getInputLen(String str)
{
    String newStr;
    StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();

    Pattern p = Pattern.compile("[\u4e00-\u9fa5]");

    Matcher m = p.matcher(str);

    while(m.find()){

        String chinese = m.group();//匹配出的中文

        String pinyin = "aa";//在你的中文与拼音对应中找到对应拼音。

        m.appendReplacement(buf, pinyin);

    }
    m.appendTail(buf);
    newStr = buf.toString();
    return newStr.length();
}

  //判断字符串是否由汉字组成
        String str = "这是一个全部由汉字组成的字符串";
        System.out.println(str.matches("[\\u4e00-\\u9fa5]+"));//true
        String str1 = "这是一个全部由汉字组成的字符串吗?";
        System.out.println(str1.matches("[\\u4e00-\\u9fa5]+"));//false
 
        //判断一个字符是否为汉字
        char ch = '哇';
        System.out.println(String.valueOf(ch).matches("[\u4e00-\u9fa5]"));//true
        char ch1 = 'a';
        System.out.println(String.valueOf(ch1).matches("[\u4e00-\u9fa5]"));//flase

edittext限制字符32,中文16

TextWatcher
@Override
public void onTextChanged(CharSequence s, int start, int before, int count) {
    int currentLength = s.length();
    Log.d(TAG,"s="+s+",currentLength="+currentLength);
    if (currentLength > 0) {
        int length = 0;//计算后的长度:中文算2,其它算1,为了总长32,中文16的需求
        int index = 0;//记录当前索引
        for (int i = 0; i < currentLength; i++) {
            if (isChinese(s.charAt(i))) {//中文长度算2
                length = length + 2;
            } else {//其它长度算1
                length = length + 1;
            }
            index = i;
            if (length >= MAX_NAME_LENGTH) {//当换算长度达到预期退出循换
                if (length > MAX_NAME_LENGTH) {
                    index = index - 1;
                }
                break;
            }
        }
        int targetLength = index + 1;//用索引计算需要截取的长度
        if (targetLength != currentLength) {
            CharSequence newS = s.subSequence(0, targetLength);
            Log.d(TAG, "targetLength=" + targetLength + ", newS=" + newS);
            mEditText.setText(newS);//重设显示字符
            mEditText.setSelection(targetLength);//设置光标末尾
        }
    }
}
// 根据 Unicode 编码判断中文汉字
private static boolean isChinese(char c) {
    Character.UnicodeBlock ub = Character.UnicodeBlock.of(c);
    if (ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_COMPATIBILITY_IDEOGRAPHS
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_A
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_B
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_C
            || ub == Character.UnicodeBlock.CJK_UNIFIED_IDEOGRAPHS_EXTENSION_D) {
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}


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