ThreadLocal 就一定线程安全吗

首先,线程安全主要针对并发情况来说的,在多线程环境下,ThreadLocal 可以提供给各自线程私有的局部变量,使线程间互不影响。

当然,也有例外,比如下面这个栗子:

/**
 * @Author Joy
 * @Date 2021/8/27
 * @Desc ThreadLocal 作用的是同一个对象时,线程不安全,无法隔离
 */
public class ThreadLocal_Unsafe {
    private static SingleA singleA = new SingleA();
    private static final ThreadLocal<SingleA> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<SingleA>() {
        @Override
        protected SingleA initialValue() {
            return singleA;
        }
    };

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Thread[] threads = new Thread[5];
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            threads[i] = new Thread(() -> {
                threadLocal.get().setNumber(threadLocal.get().getNumber() + 5);
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + threadLocal.get().getNumber());
            }, "thread-" + i);
        }
        for (Thread thr : threads) {
            thr.start();
        }
    }
}
public class SingleA {
    private int number = 0;
    public int getNumber() {
        return number;
    }
    public void setNumber(int newNumber) {
        this.number = newNumber;
    }
}

结果:

thread-0: 5
thread-2: 15
thread-1: 10
thread-3: 20
thread-4: 25

上面的代码想让每个线程都打印 5,但是 ThreadLocal 并没有实现变量隔离,为什么呢?
因为多个线程实际上共享了同一个对象,是由 ThreadLocal 初始化时返回的。

正确用法应该是下面这样:

/**
 * @Author Joy
 * @Date 2021/8/27
 * @Desc ThreadLocal 线程安全的用法:初始化返回不同对象,或者基础类型的封装类
 */
public class ThreadLocal_Safe {
    private static final ThreadLocal<SingleA> threadLocal = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> new SingleA());

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Thread[] threads = new Thread[5];
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            threads[i] = new Thread(() -> {
                threadLocal.get().setNumber(threadLocal.get().getNumber() + 5);
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + threadLocal.get().getNumber());
            }, "thread-" + i);
        }
        for (Thread thr : threads) {
            thr.start();
        }
    }
    /**结果:
     * thread-0: 5
     * thread-2: 5
     * thread-1: 5
     * thread-3: 5
     * thread-4: 5
     */
}

简单来说,ThreadLocal 是通过创建变量副本的方式,来保证每个线程只能自己玩自己的,破坏了这点就不能保证线程安全了。


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