MySQL的四种事务隔离级别

事务的基本要素（ACID）

1、原子性（Atomicity）：事务开始后所有操作，要么全部做完，要么全部不做，不可能停滞在中间环节。事务执行过程中出错，会回滚到事务开始前的状态，所有的操作就像没有发生一样。也就是说事务是一个不可分割的整体，就像化学中学过的原子，是物质构成的基本单位。

 2、一致性（Consistency）：事务开始前和结束后，数据库的完整性约束没有被破坏 。比如A向B转账，不可能A扣了钱，B却没收到。

3、隔离性（Isolation）：同一时间，只允许一个事务请求同一数据，不同的事务之间彼此没有任何干扰。比如A正在从一张银行卡中取钱，在A取钱的过程结束前，B不能向这张卡转账。

4、持久性（Durability）：事务完成后，事务对数据库的所有更新将被保存到数据库，不能回滚。

事务的并发问题

1、脏读：事务A读取了事务B更新的数据，然后B回滚操作，那么A读取到的数据是脏数据

2、不可重复读：事务 A 多次读取同一数据，事务 B 在事务A多次读取的过程中，对数据作了更新并提交，导致事务A多次读取同一数据时，结果 不一致。

3、幻读：系统管理员A将数据库中所有学生的成绩从具体分数改为ABCDE等级，但是系统管理员B就在这个时候插入了一条具体分数的记录，当系统管理员A改结束后发现还有一条记录没有改过来，就好像发生了幻觉一样，这就叫幻读。

小结：不可重复读的和幻读很容易混淆，不可重复读侧重于修改，幻读侧重于新增或删除。解决不可重复读的问题只需锁住满足条件的行，解决幻读需要锁表

MySQL事务隔离级别

      1、事务隔离级别为读提交时，写数据只会锁住相应的行

2、事务隔离级别为可重复读时，如果检索条件有索引（包括主键索引）的时候，默认加锁方式是next-key 锁；如果检索条件没有索引，更新数据时会锁住整张表。一个间隙被事务加了锁，其他事务是不能在这个间隙插入记录的，这样可以防止幻读。

3、事务隔离级别为串行化时，读写数据都会锁住整张表

4、隔离级别越高，越能保证数据的完整性和一致性，但是对并发性能的影响也越大

锁

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-locking.html

1.行锁（Record Locks）

2.间隙锁（Gap Locks）

gap锁，又称为间隙锁。存在的主要目的就是为了防止在可重复读的事务级别下，出现幻读问题。

在可重复读的事务级别下面，普通的select读的是快照，不存在幻读情况，但是如果加上for update的话，读取是已提交事务数据，gap锁保证for update情况下，不出现幻读。

假如是for update级别（出现幻读）操作，先看看几条总结的何时加锁的规则。 

• 唯一索引
  • 精确等值检索，Next-Key Locks就退化为记录锁，不会加gap锁
  • 范围检索，会锁住where条件中相应的范围，范围中的记录以及间隙，换言之就是加上记录锁和gap 锁（至于区间是多大稍后讨论）。
  • 不走索引检索，全表间隙加gap锁、全表记录加记录锁
• 非唯一索引
  • 精确等值检索，Next-Key Locks会对间隙加gap锁，以及对应检索到的记录加记录锁。
  • 范围检索，会锁住where条件中相应的范围，范围中的记录以及间隙，换言之就是加上记录锁和gap 锁（至于区间是多大稍后讨论）。
• 非索引检索，全表间隙gap lock，全表记录record lock

3.临键锁（Next-key Locks） 防止幻读，左开右闭，没有匹配记录降级为间隙锁

A next-key lock is a combination of a record lock on the index record and a gap lock on the gap before the index record.

InnoDB performs row-level locking in such a way that when it searches or scans a table index, it sets shared or exclusive locks on the index records it encounters. Thus, the row-level locks are actually index-record locks. A next-key lock on an index record also affects the “gap” before that index record. That is, a next-key lock is an index-record lock plus a gap lock on the gap preceding the index record. If one session has a shared or exclusive lock on record R in an index, another session cannot insert a new index record in the gap immediately before R in the index order.

Suppose that an index contains the values 10, 11, 13, and 20. The possible next-key locks for this index cover the following intervals, where a round bracket denotes exclusion of the interval endpoint and a square bracket denotes inclusion of the endpoint:

(negative infinity, 10]
(10, 11]
(11, 13]
(13, 20]
(20, positive infinity)

For the last interval, the next-key lock locks the gap above the largest value in the index and the “supremum” pseudo-record having a value higher than any value actually in the index. The supremum is not a real index record, so, in effect, this next-key lock locks only the gap following the largest index value.

By default, InnoDB operates in REPEATABLE READ transaction isolation level. In this case, InnoDB uses next-key locks for searches and index scans, which prevents phantom rows (see Section 15.7.4, “Phantom Rows”).

Transaction data for a next-key lock appears similar to the following in SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS and InnoDB monitor output:

RECORD LOCKS space id 58 page no 3 n bits 72 index `PRIMARY` of table `test`.`t` 
trx id 10080 lock_mode X
Record lock, heap no 1 PHYSICAL RECORD: n_fields 1; compact format; info bits 0
 0: len 8; hex 73757072656d756d; asc supremum;;

Record lock, heap no 2 PHYSICAL RECORD: n_fields 3; compact format; info bits 0
 0: len 4; hex 8000000a; asc     ;;
 1: len 6; hex 00000000274f; asc     'O;;
2: len 7; hex b60000019d0110; asc        ;;

4.共享锁（Shared Locks）  排他锁（Exclusive Locks）

  Shared and Exclusive Locks

InnoDB implements standard row-level locking where there are two types of locks, shared (S) locks and exclusive (X) locks.

• A shared (S) lock permits the transaction that holds the lock to read a row.

• An exclusive (X) lock permits the transaction that holds the lock to update or delete a row.

If transaction T1 holds a shared (S) lock on row r, then requests from some distinct transaction T2 for a lock on row r are handled as follows:

• A request by T2 for an S lock can be granted immediately. As a result, both T1 and T2 hold an S lock on r.

• A request by T2 for an X lock cannot be granted immediately.

If a transaction T1 holds an exclusive (X) lock on row r, a request from some distinct transaction T2 for a lock of either type on r cannot be granted immediately. Instead, transaction T2 has to wait for transaction T1 to release its lock on row r.

6.意向共享锁/意向排他锁（Intention Shared and Exclusive Locks）

InnoDB supports multiple granularity locking which permits coexistence of row locks and table locks. For example, a statement such as LOCK TABLES ... WRITE takes an exclusive lock (an X lock) on the specified table. To make locking at multiple granularity levels practical, InnoDB uses intention locks. Intention locks are table-level locks that indicate which type of lock (shared or exclusive) a transaction requires later for a row in a table. There are two types of intention locks:

• An intention shared lock (IS) indicates that a transaction intends to set a shared lock on individual rows in a table.

• An intention exclusive lock (IX) indicates that a transaction intends to set an exclusive lock on individual rows in a table.

For example, SELECT ... FOR SHARE sets an IS lock, and SELECT ... FOR UPDATE sets an IX lock.

The intention locking protocol is as follows:

• Before a transaction can acquire a shared lock on a row in a table, it must first acquire an IS lock or stronger on the table.

• Before a transaction can acquire an exclusive lock on a row in a table, it must first acquire an IX lock on the table.

Table-level lock type compatibility is summarized in the following matrix.

A lock is granted to a requesting transaction if it is compatible with existing locks, but not if it conflicts with existing locks. A transaction waits until the conflicting existing lock is released. If a lock request conflicts with an existing lock and cannot be granted because it would cause deadlock, an error occurs.

Intention locks do not block anything except full table requests (for example, LOCK TABLES ... WRITE). The main purpose of intention locks is to show that someone is locking a row, or going to lock a row in the table.

Transaction data for an intention lock appears similar to the following in SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS and InnoDB monitor output:

TABLE LOCK table `test`.`t` trx id 10080 lock mode IX

7.自增锁（Auto-inc Locks）自增id即使事务异常，产生的自增id也不会消失，仍然起作用
8.记录锁

A record lock is a lock on an index record. For example, SELECT c1 FROM t WHERE c1 = 10 FOR UPDATE; prevents any other transaction from inserting, updating, or deleting rows where the value of t.c1 is 10.

Record locks always lock index records, even if a table is defined with no indexes. For such cases, InnoDB creates a hidden clustered index and uses this index for record locking. See Section 15.6.2.1, “Clustered and Secondary Indexes”.

Transaction data for a record lock appears similar to the following in SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS and InnoDB monitor output:

RECORD LOCKS space id 58 page no 3 n bits 72 index `PRIMARY` of table `test`.`t` trx id 10078 lock_mode X locks rec but not gap Record lock, heap no 2 PHYSICAL RECORD: n_fields 3; compact format; info bits 0 0: len 4; hex 8000000a; asc ;; 1: len 6; hex 00000000274f; asc 'O;; 2: len 7; hex b60000019d0110; asc ;;

锁和隔离级别的关系

幻读：临键锁

不可重复读：S锁共享锁

脏读：X锁排它锁