Linux 字符设备

设备号

如果没有指定设备号的话就使用如下函数来申请设备号：
int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name)
如果给定了设备的主设备号和次设备号就使用如下所示函数来注册设备号即可：
int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)

释放设备号：
void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)

字符设备结构体 cdev

//include/linux/cdev.h
struct cdev {
        struct kobject kobj;
        struct module *owner;
        const struct file_operations *ops;
        struct list_head list;
        dev_t dev;
        unsigned int count;
};

常用
申请一个cdev 内存：
struct cdev *cdev_alloc(void);
初始化cdev->ops，即cdev->ops = &xxx_file_operation; ：
void cdev_init(struct cdev *, const struct file_operations *);
将填充好的cdev 实例，添加到cdev 链表。意味着向内核注册一个字符设备：
int cdev_add(struct cdev *, dev_t, unsigned);
从内核删除一个字符设备：
void cdev_del(struct cdev *);

不常用
增加cdev 调用计数：
void cdev_put(struct cdev *p);

struct file_operations

字符设备在/dev/ 目录下创建设备文件，并通过struct file_operations 向应用层提供控制接口。应用层对应的open、read 等函数会调用到file_operations 对应的函数。

//include/linux/fs.h
struct file_operations {
        struct module *owner;
        loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
        ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
        ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
        ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
        ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
        int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
        unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
        long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
        long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
        int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
        int (*mremap)(struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
        int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
        int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
        int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
        int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
        int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
        int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
        int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
        ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
        unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
        int (*check_flags)(int);
        int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
        ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
        ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
        int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
        long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
                          loff_t len);
        void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
        unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
#endif
};

copy_to_user() 与 copy_from_user()
为了安全考虑，应用进程不能直接访问内核数据，需要借助这两个函数拷贝：
static inline int copy_to_user(void __user volatile *to, const void *from, unsigned long n)
static inline int copy_from_user(void *to, const void __user volatile *from, unsigned long n)
返回非0 表示错误。

自动创建设备文件

自动创建设备节点的工作是在驱动程序的入口函数中完成的，一般在 cdev_add 函数后面添加自动创建设备节点相关代码。首先要创建一个 class 类， class 是个结构体，定义在文件include/linux/device.h 里面。

使用 class_create 创建一个类：

extern struct class * __must_check __class_create(struct module *owner,
                                                  const char *name,
                                                  struct lock_class_key *key);

#define class_create(owner, name)               \
({                                              \
        static struct lock_class_key __key;     \
        __class_create(owner, name, &__key);    \
})

使用class_destroy 摧毁一个类：
extern void class_destroy(struct class *cls);

struct class {
        const char              *name;
        struct module           *owner;

        struct class_attribute          *class_attrs;
        const struct attribute_group    **dev_groups;
        struct kobject                  *dev_kobj;

        int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
        char *(*devnode)(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode);

        void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
        void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

        int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
        int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

        const struct kobj_ns_type_operations *ns_type;
        const void *(*namespace)(struct device *dev);

        const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;

        struct subsys_private *p;
};

在创建完类后，要创建一个设备，使用 device_create创建一个设备：
struct device *device_create(struct class *cls, struct device *parent, dev_t devt, void *drvdata, const char *fmt, ...);

摧毁一个设备：
extern void device_destroy(struct class *cls, dev_t devt);

创建类会在/sys/class/ 目录下生成一个新的文件夹，其中包含属于此类的设备文件夹。

IS_ERR 和 PTR_ERR

IS_ERR 可以判断一个指针是否为空，PTR_ERR 将指针转化为数值返回。

static inline long __must_check PTR_ERR(const void *ptr)
{
	return (long) ptr;
}

static inline long __must_check IS_ERR(const void *ptr)
{
	return IS_ERR_VALUE((unsigned long)ptr);
}